The Origins of Yakgwa: When and How Did It Begin?

Introduction: Exploring the Origins of Yakgwa, a Traditional Korean Confection

Yakgwa (藥菓) is a beloved traditional Korean confection known for its sweet, rich flavor and crispy texture. It is a staple treat during holidays and special occasions, but when exactly did it originate, and under what circumstances did it develop? In this article, we will explore the origins and historical evolution of yakgwa to understand how it has come to take its present form.

1. The Meaning and Etymology of Yakgwa

Yakgwa is written in Chinese characters as 藥菓, which literally translates to "medicinal confection" or "healing dessert." This suggests that yakgwa was not merely a snack but a food believed to have health benefits.

Historical records from the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties describe yakgwa as a confection made by mixing honey, oil, and wheat flour, then either frying or baking it. This method of preparation has remained largely unchanged, indicating that yakgwa has a long-standing culinary tradition.

2. The Origins of Yakgwa: Did It Exist Before the Goryeo Dynasty?

The exact origins of yakgwa can be traced through historical documents.

📌 ① The Three Kingdoms Period – The Proto-Yakgwa?
During the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCE–668 CE), snacks made from wheat flour, oil, and honey are believed to have existed. However, they were likely influenced by similar flour-based sweets from China rather than being identical to modern yakgwa.

During the Silla period, Korea had active exchanges with China’s Tang Dynasty, where “Youmigao (油蜜菓)”, a deep-fried confection made with honey and oil, was popular. It is highly probable that this Chinese treat influenced the development of yakgwa.

📌 ② The Goryeo Dynasty – The First Written Records of Yakgwa
During the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392), foods resembling yakgwa began appearing in written records. The strong presence of Buddhist culture at the time encouraged the use of oil and honey in temple and ceremonial foods.

A historical record, "Goryeosa (高麗史)" (The History of Goryeo), mentions that the aristocracy enjoyed sweet confections made with honey and wheat flour, suggesting that yakgwa’s prototype already existed in this period.

3. The Joseon Dynasty: The Popularization and Development of Yakgwa

Yakgwa became a widely enjoyed treat during the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897).

📌 ① Yakgwa as a Royal Confection
During this period, yakgwa was considered a luxurious confection enjoyed by the royal court and the upper class.

Historical texts such as "Gyu-hap Chong-seo (閨閤叢書)" and "Sanlim Gyeongje (山林經濟)" provide detailed recipes for yakgwa, specifying the ratio of wheat flour to honey and the method of deep-frying.

📌 ② Why Yakgwa Became a Special Occasion Treat
In the Joseon Dynasty, yakgwa was not just an everyday snack but was closely tied to significant events:

• Ancestral Rituals: Yakgwa was placed on ceremonial tables to honor ancestors, as it was considered a sacred food.
• Festive Celebrations: Families made and shared yakgwa during major holidays like Lunar New Year and Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving).
• Weddings: Yakgwa was served at weddings as a symbol of joy and prosperity for the newlyweds.

Thus, yakgwa evolved beyond being a simple sweet and became a culturally significant treat.

4. Modern Yakgwa: Preserving Tradition While Embracing Change

Even today, yakgwa remains a prominent treat during Korean holidays and rituals, maintaining its place as a representative Korean confection.

📌 ① Mass Production and Widespread Availability
In the past, yakgwa was handmade at home, but today, mass production allows people to easily purchase it from supermarkets and online stores. Various confectionery brands now offer different variations of yakgwa, increasing its accessibility.

📌 ② The Rise of Fusion Yakgwa
Recently, yakgwa has been reinterpreted as a modern dessert, appealing to younger generations.

• Yakgwa-inspired desserts in cafés: Yakgwa is now used in tiramisu, ice cream, cakes, and other contemporary sweets.
• Health-conscious yakgwa: Low-sugar and whole wheat variations have been introduced to meet modern dietary preferences.
• International recognition: With the global rise of Korean cuisine, yakgwa is gaining popularity as a K-dessert overseas.

These modern adaptations are helping yakgwa remain relevant in today’s evolving food culture.

Conclusion: Yakgwa as a Cherished Culinary Heritage

Yakgwa is more than just a traditional Korean sweet—it is a food deeply rooted in Korean history and culture. Originating as early as the Three Kingdoms period and evolving through the Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, it has endured the test of time and continues to evolve.

As yakgwa adapts to modern tastes while preserving its traditional essence, it remains a beloved treat both in Korea and beyond. The journey of yakgwa, spanning centuries, is a testament to the enduring charm of Korean culinary heritage. Why not join in and experience this delicious tradition yourself? 😊